Networks
Smart, Lawrence B.
Cornell Faculty Member
Close
Positions
- Associate Professor, Horticulture (HORT), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS)
- Associate Professor, Plant Breeding and Genetics (PB&G), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS)
The research in my lab is focused on breeding, genetics, genomics, and physiology of shrub willow bioenergy crops. Shrub willow (Salix spp.) produce high yields of woody biomass when grown as a dedicated short-rotation crop on marginal or underutilized land. Willow stems are harvested every three years and the plants resprout after each cutback, making willow fields productive for more than 20 years. I direct the largest willow breeding program in North America and collaborate with colleagues across North America on studies of willow biomass composition, willow crop management, and regional yield trials.
- Affiliations
- Extension
- Research
- Publications
- Teaching
- Service
- Background
- Other
- View All
Affiliations
member of
- David R. Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) Faculty Fellow
Extension
has primary specialization area
has secondary specialization area
Research
research overview
- My long-term research goals include maintaining and strengthening the willow breeding program, so that it can invigorate and sustain a dramatically expanded commercial willow bioenergy enterprise that will have significant impact on stimulating agricultural productivity, improving the environment, and strengthening local economies. I also aim to develop this system as one that can build upon our basic understanding of perennial woody plant physiology, the genetic basis of biomass production, and the domestication of perennial bioenergy crops. Included among the goals I hope to achieve over the course of my research career are: 1) To produce and commercialize new varieties of willow bioenergy crops that display improved and consistent yield across a wide variety of sites with resistance to pests and diseases; 2) To develop and utilize genetic and genomic resources and approaches for the study of Salix that will improve our understanding of perennial bioenergy crop domestication, comparative genomic organization in the Salicaceae, and networks of gene regulation that control key traits in woody biomass crops; 3) To explore the diversity of willows assembled from natural collections and produced through controlled hybridization and to identify and exploit species and individual genotypes that display traits well-suited for environmental engineering and horticultural applications; 4) To gain an understanding of the genotypic variation and environmental regulation of variations in woody biomass composition, especially as it relates to the efficiency of conversion to biofuels and to heat and power.
research activities
principal investigator on
- SMART WILLOW awarded by NEW YORK FARM VIABILITY INSTITUTE 2011 - 2012
- THE GENOMIC BASIS OF HETEROSIS IN HIGH-YIELDING TRIPLOID HYBRIDS OF WILLOW (SALIX SPP.) BIOENERGY CROPS awarded by DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 2012 - 2015
- WILLOW BIOMASS CROP FEEDSTOCK DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NORTHEAST & MIDWEST US awarded by DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 2009 - 2013
keywords
- Salix
- bioenergy
- biomass
- willow
Publications
individual publications
-
academic article
- Biological conversion assay using Clostridium phytofermentans to estimate plant feedstock quality Biotechnol.. Biotechnology for biofuels. 5:5. 2012
- Correlations of expression of cell wall biosynthesis genes with variation in biomass composition in shrub willow (Salix spp.) biomass crops.. Tree Genetics & Genomes. 8:775-778. 2012
- Differential expression of genes encoding phosphate transporters contributes to arsenic tolerance and accumulation in shrub willow (Salix spp). . Environmental and Experimental Botany. 75:248-257. 2012
- Yield and woody biomass traits of novel shrub willow hybrids at two contrasting sites.. BioEnergy Research. 2012
- Yields of willow biomass crops across a range of sites in North America. Aspects of Applied Biology. 112:67-74. 2011
- Analysis of biomass composition using high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis and percent bark content for the selection of shrub willow bioenergy crop varieties. BioEnergy Research. 2:1-9. 2009
- Population genetic structure of native versus naturalized sympatric shrub willows (Salix; Salicaceae).. American Journal of Botany. 96:771-785. 2009
- Cuticular wax composition of Salix varieties in relation to biomass productivity. Phytochemistry. 69:396-402. 2008
- High-resolution thermogravimetric analysis for rapid characterization of biomass composition and selection of shrub willow varieties. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 145:3-11. 2008
- Hydroponic screening of shrub willow (Salix spp.) for arsenic tolerance and uptake. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 10:515-528. 2008
- Quantitative genetics of traits indicative of biomass production and heterosis in 34 full-sib F1 Salix eriocephala families. BioEnergy Research. 1:80-90. 2008
- Development of AFLP and RAPD markers linked to a locus associated with twisted growth in corkscrew willow (Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’). Tree Physiology. 27:1578-1583. 2007
- A second member of the Nicotiana glauca lipid transfer protein gene family, NgLTP2, encodes a divergent and differentially expressed protein. Functional Plant Biology. 33:141-152. 2006
- Increased accumulation of cuticular wax and expression of lipid transfer protein in response to periodic drying events in leaves of tree tobacco. Plant Physiology. 140:176-183. 2006
- The development of short-rotation willow in the northeastern United States for bioenergy and bioproducts, agroforestry and phytoremediation. Biomass and Bioenergy. 30:715-727. 2006
- Genetic improvement of shrub willow (Salix spp.) crops for bioenergy and environmental applications in the United States. Unasylva. 56:51-55. 2005
- Collection and storage of pollen from Salix using organic solvents. Americal Journal of Botany. 89:248-252. 2002
- Diversity of epicuticular wax composition among Salix species and Populus species hybrids. Phytochemistry. 60:715-725. 2002
- Predicting within-family variability in juvenile height growth of Salix based upon similarity among parental AFLP fingerprints. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 105:106-112. 2002
- MIP genes are down-regulated under drought stress in Nicotiana glauca. Plant and Cell Physiology. 42:686-693. 2001
- The development of improved willow clones for eastern North America. The Forestry Chronicle. 77:287-292. 2001
- Isolation of genes predominantly expressed in guard cells and epidermal cells of Nicotiana glauca. Plant Molecular Biology. 42:857-869. 2000
- Isolation of RNA and protein from guard cells of Nicotiana glauca. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 17:371-383. 1999
- Genes involved in osmoregulation during turgor-driven cell expansion of developing cotton fibers are differentially regulated. Plant Physiology. 116:1539-1549. 1998
- Two plasma membrane H+-ATPase genes expressed in guard cells of Vicia faba are also expressed throughout the plant. Plant and Cell Physiology. 37:650-659. 1996
- A mixed-ligand iron-sulfur cluster (C556SPsaB or C565SPsaB) in the FX-binding site leads to a decreased quantum efficiency of electron transfer in photosystem I. Biophysical Journal. 69:1544-1553. 1995
- Absence of PsaC subunit allows assembly of photosystem I core but prevents the binding of PsaD and PsaE in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Molecular Biology. 29:331-342. 1995
- Genetic manipulation of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: development of strains lacking photosystem I for the analysis of mutations in photosystem II. Plant Physiology. 104:349-354. 1994
- Genetic inactivation of the psaB gene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 disrupts assembly of photosystem I. Plant Molecular Biology. 21:177-180. 1993
- Mutational analysis of the structure and biogenesis of the photosystem I reaction center in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Proceedings at the National Academy of Science USA. 90:1132-1136. 1993
- Site-directed conversion of cysteine-565 to serine in PsaB of photosystem I results in the assembly of [3Fe-4S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters in FX. A mixed-ligand [4Fe-4S] cluster is capable of electron transfer to FA and FB. Biochemistry. 32:4411-4419. 1993
- Rapid deterioration of searching behavior, host destruction, and fecundity of the parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in culture. Annals. Entomological Society of America. 85:179-187. 1992
- Expression of photosynthesis genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803:psaA-psaB and psbA transcripts accumulate in dark-grown cells. Plant Molecular Biology. 17:959-971. 1991
- Targeted genetic inactivation of the photosystem I reaction center in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. EMBO Journal. 10:3289-3296. 1991
- Control of fire blight by Erwinia herbicola Eh252: Role of antibiotic production. Acta Horticulturae. 273:393-394. 1990
-
article
- Environmental innovation: Growing willow biomass crops for renewable energy 2007
- Shrub Willow Biomass Crops: Growing Energy on Underutilized Farmland. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. . 2006
-
booksection
- A new set of site-directed mutations in photosystem I core reaction center from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Vol. II. 1995
- Electron transfer via the Fx cluster of PS I in PsaB mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Vol. II. 1995
- Spectroscopic characterization of mutants in FX and the proposed leucine zipper in photosystem I. Vol. I. 1992
-
chapter
- Shrub willow.. Handbook of Bioenergy Crop Plants. 687-708. 2012
- Genetic improvement of willow (Salix spp.) as a dedicated bioenergy crop. Genetic Improvement of Bioenergy Crops. 347-376. 2008
- Salix: Botany and Global Horticulture. Horticultural Reviews. 447-489. 2008
- Isolation of RNA from plant tissue. A Laboratory Guide to RNA: Isolation, Analysis, and Synthesis. 21-41. 1996
-
conference paper
- Willow Crop Development Center at SUNY-ESF. Wood and Cellulose: Building blocks for chemicals, fuels, and advanced materials. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Partnerships in Environmental Improvement and Economic Development Conference, April 9-11, 2000, Syracuse, NY.. 2000
- Control of fire blight by Erwinia amylovora Eh252: Role of antibiotic production. Acta Hortic.. 393-394. 1990
- Role of antibiotic production by Erwinia herbicola Eh252 in reducing the incidence of fire blight. Proc. Seventh International Conf. Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 1990
-
document part
-
report
-
review
- Willowpedia Fact Sheet: “Demonstrating Improved Yield of Shrub Willow Bioenergy Crops-Big Flats” 2012
- Black Canker 2011
- Botryosphaeria Canker 2011
- Leaf Rust 2011
- Leucostoma Canker 2011
- Powdery Mildew 2011
- Willow Scab 2011
- Zone Tillage & GPS-Guided Planting of Shrub Willow Crop Varieties 2011
- Breeding and Commercialization of Shrub Willow Bioenergy Crops 2010
- Demonstrating Improved Yield of Shrub Willow Bioenergy Crops 2010
- Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman 2010
- Potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris 2010
- Willow leaf beetles, Calligrapha multipunctata and Plagiodera versicolora 2010
- Willow sawfly, Nematus ventralis Say 2010
- EcoWillow v 1.0 (Beta) – An Economic Analysis Tool for Willow Short-Rotation Coppice for Wood Chip Production 2008
- Salix caprea hybrid ‘S365’ 2007
- Salix eriocephala 'S25' 2007
- Salix miyabeana ‘SX64’ 2007
- Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’ 2007
- Salix purpurea x S. miyabeana ‘Millbrook’ 2007
- Salix purpurea x S. miyabeana ‘Oneida’ 2007
- Salix purpurea ‘Allegany’ 2007
- Salix purpurea ‘Fish Creek’ 2007
- Salix purpurea ‘Onondaga' 2007
- Salix sachalinensis x S. miyabeana ‘Canastota’ 2007
- Salix sachalinensis x S. miyabeana ‘Sherburne’ 2007
- Salix sachalinensis ‘SX61’ 2007
- Salix viminalis x S. miyabeana ‘Otisco’ 2007
- Salix viminalis x S. miyabeana ‘Owasco’ 2007
- Salix viminalis x S. miyabeana ‘Tully Champion’ 2007
- Salix x dasyclados ‘SV1 2007
Teaching
teaching overview
- I started teaching PLBR4030 Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants in the Fall semester of 2010. I am extremely enthusiastic about teaching this course, as I have worked my entire scientific career as a plant geneticist, but in teaching plant breeding can bring that into the context of applied crop improvement. This course is aimed at advanced undergraduate students in the plant sciences and beginning plant science graduate students who have not already had a course in plant breeding. It provides coverage of the foundation concepts of plant genetics and a comprehensive overview of traditional and molecular plant breeding. This course can serve as a gateway to advanced plant breeding graduate courses, with discussions of quantitative genetics, breeding strategies and goals, linkage and trait mapping, molecular marker technology, genetically modified crops, selection methods, and intellectual property management. I utilize a combination of the chalk board in lectures to highlight and outline key concepts for note taking, together with PowerPoint slides to integrate examples of concepts through images and case studies, incorporating cutting edge research examples from peer-reviewed publications. I invite peridoic guest speakers and encourage topic exploration through class discussion of research papers. I maintain active communication with students and provide supporting course materials using BlackBoard, which can also provide online course logistical organization.
teaching activities
- HORT-9900: Thesis Research, Doctor of Philosophy - Spring 2013
- PLBR-7900: Graduate-Level Dissertation - Spring 2013
- PLBR-4030: Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants - Fall 2012
- PLBR-7900: Graduate-Level Dissertation - Fall 2012
- PLBR-8900: Master's Level Thesis Research - Fall 2012
- PLBR-9900: Doctoral-Level Dissertation Research - Fall 2012
- HORT-9900: Thesis Research, Doctor of Philosophy - Spring 2012
- PLBR-7900: Graduate-Level Dissertation - Spring 2012
- PLBR-4030: Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants - Fall 2011
- PLBR-7900: Graduate-Level Dissertation - Fall 2011
- PLBR-8900: Master's-Level Thesis Research - Fall 2011
- PLBR-9900: Doctoral-Level Dissertation Research - Fall 2011
Service
outreach overview
- While my group’s basic research on willow genomics and applied willow breeding program are critical to support the long-term viability of shrub willow energy crops, much of the true value is realized only when results are disseminated and improvements adopted by industry stakeholders. There has been very little commercial deployment of the crop in North America, and there are very few experts available to provide extension and education to growers, policymakers, bioenergy industry professionals, and consumers. Thus, a critical component of my day-to-day efforts is to develop extension materials, provide information that may stimulate further commercialization of willow energy crops, and help coordinate educational opportunities for growers, while also building a cohesive team of willow expertise to support the industry. I will strive to participate in conferences and trade shows frequented by growers and extension educators, such as Empire Farm Days, the USDA-NRCS Big Flats Biofeedstock Day, Cornell Cooperative Extension in-service training, and other regional events to present both foundation information on the cropping system and latest results from applied research. I will cooperate with researchers at SUNY-ESF to regularly revise and improve the Willow Grower’s Handbook, including the latest information on tillage practices, weed management, recommended herbicides for specific weed targets, characteristics of commercial willow varieties, and disease and pest identification and management. The applied research results from the Cornell willow team are published online via the Willowpedia web site (http://willow.cals.cornell.edu/). This will be linked with willow sites at SUNY-ESF and Double A Willow. We have produced Willowpedia-branded fact sheets for widespread distribution to growers. We will initiate a new annual field day event at the NYS Ag Experiment Station in Geneva to describe the willow cropping system to interested growers and landowners, featuring annual research and extension reports from willow researchers, nurseries, and entrepreneurial growers invited from across North America. E-mail distribution lists for the automated distribution of regular Willowpedia newsletters and newsflashes will be implemented and managed using the Constant Contact marketing service. Professional online networking among willow energy crop experts and stakeholders will be vigorously encouraged through LinkedIn and online meeting sites, such as Adobe Connect or Go-to-Meeting.
service to the profession
- American Society for Horticultural Science Member 2009 -
- Botanical Society of America Member 2009 -
- New York Biomass Alliance Member 2009 -
- Short Rotation Woody Crops Operations Working Group Member 2007 -
- New York Flora Association Member 2005 -
- Northeast Section of the American Society of Plant Biologists Member 1996 -
- Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists Member 1995 -
- American Society of Plant Biologists Member 1989 -
- New York Farm Bureau Member 2009 - 2012
- Northeast Section of American Society of Plant Biologists Officer, Other Officer 2003 - 2009
- Lowe-Wilcox Scholarship Selection Committee, EFB, SUNY-ESF Chairperson 1999 - 2009
- American Society of Plant Biologists Officer, Other Officer - 2009
- Northeast Section, American Society of Plant Biologists, Membership Committee Committee Member 2006 - 2009
- Institutional Biosafety Committee, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1999 - 2009
- Radiation Safety Committee, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1997 - 2009
- Lowe-Wilcox Scholarship Selection Committee, EFB, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1997 - 2009
- Curriculum & Course Assessment Committee, EFB, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 2007 - 2009
- Faculty Committee on Instruction, SUNY-ESF Chairperson 2005 - 2007
- Faculty Committee on Instruction, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 2004 - 2007
- Search Committee, Asst. Professor in Diseases of Fish and Wildlife, SUNY-ESF Chairperson 2006 - 2007
- Executive Committee, Structural Biology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics (SB3) Program, SUNY-ESF/Syracuse University/SUNY Upstate Medical University Committee Member 2005 - 2006
- Building and Equipment Advisory Team, EFB, SUNY-ESF Chairperson 2001 - 2006
- Initiative on Research and Graduate Strategy Committee Committee Member 2000 - 2005
- Graduate Admissions Committee, Structural Biology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics (SB3) Program, SUNY-ESF/Syracuse University/SUNY Upstate Medical University Committee Member 2002 - 2005
- Search Committee, Asst. Professor of Biochemistry, Chemistry, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 2003 - 2005
- Ad Hoc Positions Committee, EFB, SUNY-ESF Chairperson 2002
- Biotechnology Research Center Building Planning Committee, SUNY-ESF/SUNY Upstate Medical University Committee Member 2002
- Curriculum & Course Assessment Committee, EFB, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1997 - 2002
- Middle States Association Accreditation Subcommittee on Faculty, Administration and Staff, and the Board of Trustees, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 2000 - 2001
- Executive Committee, Northeast Section, American Society of Plant Biologists Committee Member 1999 - 2001
- Information Technology Instruction Task Force, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 2000
- Search Committee, Assistant for Instructional Resources, Instructional Development, Evaluation, and Services, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 2000
- Graduate Student Association, SUNY-ESF Faculty Advisor 1997 - 2000
- Faculty Committee on Research, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1997 - 1999
- Search Committee, Asst. Professor of Plant Developmental Biology, EFB, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1998 - 1999
- Search Committee, Asst. Professor of Fisheries Biology, EFB, SUNY-ESF Committee Member 1998
- Search Committee, Instructional Support Specialist (Electronics Tech), Analytical and Technical Services, SUNY-ESF Chairperson 1997 - 1998
- Faculty Committee Representative, D.O.E.-Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University Representative 1991 - 1992
- Admissions Committee, D.O.E.-Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University Committee Member 1990 - 1991
- Admissions Committee, Genetics Program, Michigan State University Committee Member 1989 - 1991
- Seminar Committee, D.O.E.-Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University Committee Member 1988 - 1989
reviewer or editor for
Background
education and training
- Ph.D. in Genetics, Michigan State University 1992
- B.S. in Biology, Cornell University 1987
awards and honors
Other
college
- CALS
research keyword
- Salix
- bioenergy
- biomass
- willow