The focus of Professor Shoemaker's research is the application of optimization and modeling procedures to complex problems arising in environmental management. Her current focus is on ground and surface water quality. Models are the primary tools used to forecast future impacts of implementing alternative ways to protect the environment. Optimization and modeling can be used to understand environmental systems and to make cost-effective choices among alternatives for addressing environmental problems.

Because optimization of complex nonlinear systems is not feasible unless an appropriate algorithm exists, Professor Shoemaker also works on the development of new optimization algorithms that are more efficient numerically than existing algorithms for computationally expensive and difficult problems like nonlinear finite element models describing contaminant transport.

• Ph.D., University of Southern California, 1971
• B.S., University of Southern California, 1962-1966

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS SINCE 1990

• Shoemaker, C.A., T. Culver, L.W. Lion and S. Peterson, "Analytical Models of the Impact of Two-Phase Sorption on Subsurface Transport of Volatile Chemicals," Water Resources Research 745-758, 1990.
• Stanley, B.H., W.H. Reissig, C.A. Shoemaker and D.S. Robson, "Foliar Azinphosmethyl Concentration-Exposure Time-Mortality Relationships for the Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)," Journal of Economic Entomology 82, 895-905, 1990.
• L-Z. Liao and C.A. Shoemaker, "Convergence in Unconstrained Discrete-Time Differential Dynamic Programming" IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 36, 692-706, 1991.
• Culver, T.B., C.A. Shoemaker, and L.W. Lion, "Impact of Vapor Sorption on the Subsurface Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds: A Numerical Model and Analysis,"Water Resources Research, 27, 2259-2270, 1991.
• Shoemaker, C.A., L-Z Liao, H. Caffey, L-C Chang, "Optimal Control of Large Scale Nonlinear Engineering Systems," pp. 403-446 in Computer Assisted Modeling on the IBM 3090: Contest Prize Papers, Vol. 1, Baldwin Press, University of Georgia, 1992.
• Culver, T.B. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Dynamic Optimal Control for Groundwater Remediation with Flexible Management Periods," Water Resources Research 28, 629-641, 1992.
• Chang, L-C, C.A. Shoemaker, and P. L-F Liu, "Application of a Constrained Optimal Control Algorithm to Groundwater Remediation," Water Resources Research 28, 3157-3173, 1992.
• Ong, S.K, T.B. Culver, L.W. Lion, and C.A. Shoemaker, "Effects of Soil Moisture and Physical-Chemical Properties of Organic Pollutants on Vapor-Phase Transport in the Vadose zone," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 11, 273-290, 1992.
• Fleming, R. and C. Shoemaker, "Evaluating Models for Spruce Budworm-Forest Management: Comparing Output with Regional Field Data," Ecological Applications 2, 460-477, 1992.
• Johnson, S.A., J.R. Stedinger, C.A. Shoemaker, Y. Li, and J.A. Tejada-Guibert, "Numerical Solution of Continuous-State Dynamic Programs Using Linear and Spline Interpolation," Operations Research 41, 484-500, 1993.
• Culver, T.B. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Optimal Control for Groundwater Remediation by Differential Dynamic Programming with Quasi-Newton Approximations," Water Resources Research 29,823-831, 1993.
• Whiffen, G.J. and C.A. Shoemaker, " Nonlinear Weighted Feedback for Groundwater Remediation under Uncertainty," Water Resources Research 29, 3277-3290, 1993.
• Caffey, H., L-Z Liao, and C.A. Shoemaker, "Parallel Processing of Large Scale, Discrete-Time, Unconstrained Differential Dynamic Programming," Parallel Computing 19,1003-1018, 1993.
• Whiffen, G, C.A. Shoemaker, and J.Denu, "Weighted Feedback Control of Groundwater Remediation under Multiple Uncertainty", pp. 883-889 in Computational Methods in Water Resources X, A.Peters et al. (editors), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994
• Bishcof, C., G. Whiffen, C. Shoemaker, A. Carle, and A. Ross, "Application of Automatic Differentiation to Groundwater Transport Models" pp. 173-182 in Computational Methods in Water Resources X, A.Peters et al. (editors), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994
• Eschenbach, E.A., C.A. Shoemaker, and H. Caffey, "Parallel Processing of Stochastic Dynamic Programming for Continuous State Systems with Linear Interpolation" ORSA Journal on Computing 7, pp. 386-401, 1995
• Minsker, B.S. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Differentiating a finite element biodegradation simulation model for optimal control", Water Resources Research 32, 187-192, 1996.
• Culver, T. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Impact of Treatment Facility Capital Costs on Dynamic Optimal Groundwater Reclamation", ASCE Jn. of Water Res. Plan. and Manag. Division 123, pp. 23-29 1996.
• Mansfield, C.M. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Use of Numerical Sparsity in an Aquifer Quality Optimization Algorithm," ASCE Jn. of Water Res. Plan. Manag. 124, pp. 15-21, 1998.
• Minsker, B.S. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Computational Issues Associated with Optimal Design of in situ Bioremediation," ASCE Jn. of Water Res. Plan. Manag. 124, pp.39-46, 1998.
• Minsker, B.S. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Dynamic Optimal Control of In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater" ASCE Water Res. Plan. Manag. 124, pp.149-161, 1998.
• Minsker, B.S. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Quantifiying the Effects of Uncertainty on Optimal Groundwater Bioremediation Policies," Water Resources Research 34, pp.3615-3625, 1998.
• Mansfield, C.M and C.A. Shoemaker, "Use of Numerical Sparsity in an Aquifer Quality Optimization algorithm," ASCE Jn. Of Water Res. Plan. Manag. 124, 15-21, 1998
• Yoon, J-H and C.A. Shoemaker, "Comparison of Optimization Methods for Groundwater Bioremediation," ASCE Jn. of Water Res. Plan. Manag. 125,pp. 54-63, 1999.
• Chen, V. C. P., D. Ruppert, and C. A. Shoemaker, "Applying experimental design and regression splines to high-dimensional continuous-state stochastic dynamic programming". Operations Research 47 (1), 38-53, 1999.
• Willis, M., C. Shoemaker, J. Gossett, "Applications of a Competitive Hydrogenotrophic Biological Dechlorination Transport Model for Groundwater Remediation," in Engineered Approaches for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contamination, A. Leeson and B.Alleman (ed.), Battelle Press, 1999.
• Mansfield, C. and C. Shoemaker, "Optimal Remediation of Unconfined Aquifers: Numerical Applications and Derivative Calculations," Water Resources Research , 35(5), 1455-1469, 1999.
• Willis, M.. and C. Shoemaker, "Engineered PCE Dechlorination Incorporating Competitive Biokinetics: Optimization and Transport Modeling" in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, G Wickramanayake, A. Gavaskar, B. Alleman and V. Magar (eds.) pp. 311-318, Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 2000.
• Shoemaker, C. M. Willis, W. Zhang, and James Gossett, "Model Analysis Of Reductive Dechlorination With Data From Cape Canaveral Field Site", Innovative Methods in Support of Bioremediation, V. Magar, T. Vogel, C. Aelion, and A. Leeson, (eds.) pp. 125-131, Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 2001.
• Yoon, J-H and C.A. Shoemaker, "Improved Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm for Groundwater Remediation", ASCE Jn. of Computing, 15(3), 224-231, 2001.
• Benaman, J., and C. A. Shoemaker, "Methodology for Analyzing Ranges of Uncertain Model Parameters and Their Impact on the Total Maximum Daily Load Process" ASCE Jn. Of Environmental Engineering , 130(6), 648-656, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372, 2004
• Benaman, J., and C. A. Shoemaker, "Methodology for Analyzing Ranges of Uncertain Model Parameters and Their Impact on the Total Maximum Daily Load Process" ASCE Jn. Of Environmental Engineering , 130(6), 648-656, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372, 2004
• Mugunthan, P. and C. A. Shoemaker, "Time Varying Optimization for Monitoring Multiple contaminants under Uncertain Hydrogeology" Bioremediation Journal, 8(3-4) 129-146, doi:10.1080/10889860490887509, 2004.
• Regis, R. and Shoemaker, "Local Function Approximation in Evolutionary Algorithms for the Optimization of Costly Functions," IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 8 (5) 490-505, 2004
• Benaman, J., and C. Shoemaker, "An Analysis of High-flow Sediment Event Data for Evaluating Model performance", Hydrologic Processes 19, 605-620, 2005
• Benaman, J., C. A. Shoemaker and D. A. Haith, "Modeling Non-Point Source Pollution Using a Distributed Watershed Model for the Cannonsville Reservoir Basin, Delaware County, New York", ASCE Jn. of Hydrologic Engineering 10 (5) 363-374, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699, 2005
• Regis, Rommel, and C. Shoemaker, "Constrained Global Optimization of Expensive Black Box Functions Using Radial Basis Functions", Journal of Global Optimization 31 (1) 153-171, DOI: 10.1007/s10898-004-0570-0, 2005
• Mugunthan, P., C.A. Shoemaker, R. G. Regis "Comparison of Function Approximation, Heuristic and Derivative-based Methods for Automatic Calibration of Computationally Expensive Groundwater Bioremediation Models," Water Resources Research Vol. 41, W11427,doi:10.1029/2005WR004134, . 2005
• Benekos, I.D., C.A. Shoemaker, J.R. Stedinger, "Probabilistic Risk and Uncertainty Analysis for Bioremediation of Four Chlorinated Ethenes in Groundwater," Stoc. Environ. Res. Ris. Assess, doi: 10.1007/s00477-006-0071-4, 2006
• Mugunthan, P., and C. A. Shoemaker (2006), Assessing the impacts of parameter uncertainty for computationally expensive groundwater models, Water Resources Research, 42, W10428, doi:10.1029/2005WR004640, 2006.
• Regis, R.G. and Shoemaker, C.A. Parallel radial basis function methods for the global optimization of expensive functions. European Journal of Operational Research  182(2), 514-535 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.08.040, 2007
• Regis, R.G. and Shoemaker, C.A. Improved strategies for radial basis function methods for global optimization. Journal of Global Optimization, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 113-135, doi : 10.1007/s10898-006-9040-1 2007. 
• Regis, R.G., C.A. Shoemaker, "A Stochastic Radial Basis Function Method for the Global Optimization of Expensive Functions", INFORMS Journal of Computing, doi:10.1287/ijoc.1060.0182 (available on-line 7/2007), in press 2007.
• Tolson, B. A., and C. A. Shoemaker (2007), Dynamically dimensioned search algorithm for computationally efficient watershed model calibration, Water Resour. Res., 43, W01413, doi:10.1029/2005WR004723.  Jan. 2007
• Shoemaker, C., R. Regis, R. Fleming, "Watershed calibration using  multistart local optimization and evolutionary optimization with radial basis function approximation", Hydrologic Science Jn. (IAHS), 52 (3), 450-465,  doi: 10.1623/hysj.52.3.450 ( 2007 ) http://www.atypon-link.com/IAHS/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.52.3.450  (open access) 
• Tolson, B. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Cannonsville Reservoir Watershed SWAT2000 model development, calibration and validation", Journal of Hydrology, 337(1-2),68-89, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.01.017, 2007
• Blizniouk, N., D. Ruppert, C.A. Shoemaker, R. G. Regis, S. Wild, P. Mugunthan, "Bayesian Calibration of Computationally Expensive Models Using Optimization and Radial Basis Function Approximation." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, in press.
• Tolson, B. and C. A. Shoemaker, "Improving the Efficiency of Practical Uncertainty Assessment in the Calibration of Environmental Simulation Models," Water Resources Research, in press 2007.
• Rubin, H., C.A. Shoemaker, J. Koengeter "Screening of One-Well Hydraulic-Barrier Design;," Ground Water, accepted 2007.
• Rubin, H., C.A. Shoemaker, J. Koengeter, "Screening of One-Well Hydraulic Barrier Design: Mathematical Details of the Screening Method", Ground Water (on line supplement), accepted 2007

WEB REPORT

• Tolson, B.A. and C.A. Shoemaker, "Watershed Modeling of the Cannonsville Basin using SWAT2000: Model Development, Calibration and Validation for the Prediction of Flow, Sediment and Phosphorus Transport to the Cannonsville Reservoir, Version 1," Technical Report, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 128 pages, 2004.

Ph.D. THESES SUPERVISED AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY

• Turgeon, Andre, "Optimal Operation of a Hydro-Steam Power System", Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, June 1975. (Dr. Turgeon is a chaired professor in the Industrial Engineering Department at the Ecole Polytechnique , Montreal and worked for years in research with a major hydropower company)
• Rovinsky, Robert, "Models to Evaluate the Economic and Environmental Effects of Restricting Insecticide Use on Cotton and Corn", Ph.D. School of Operations Research, January 1977. (Dr. Rovinsky has served in senior administrative positions in USDA and other government agencies in areas related to computing and operations research. He is now in private consulting.)
• Smith, Gary, "Variable Development Rate Models of Poikilotherm Populations: Model Definition, Parameter Estimation and Error Analysis", Ph.D., Ecology and Systematics, January 1978. (Unknown, but presumed to be in consulting.)
• Onstad, David, "Options for Design and Control in the Management of a Tortricid Leafroller," Ph.D., Department of Entomology, August, 1985. (Professor of Entomology, University of Illinois) [Shoemaker was co-Chair with Prof. Reissig in Entomology in Cornell-Geneva.]
• Hooper, Richard, "The Chemical Response of an Acid-Sensitive Headwater Stream to Snowmelt and Storm Events: A Field Study and Simulation Model", Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, January 1986. (Senior research scientist with U.S. Geological Survey, National Co-ordinator for Water Quality in USGS, Associate Editor for Water Resources Research 1991-1995, and currently Director of the Consortium of Universities CUAHSI )
• Stanley, Bruce, "Empirical and Mathematical Approaches to the Management of the apple Maggot", Ph.D., Department of Entomology, August 1988. (Senior Research Scientist with Dupont Corporation doing statistical analyses of pesticides.) [Prof. Shoemaker was co-Chair of his Ph.D. with Prof. Reissig in Entomology at Cornell-Geneva.]
• Hoy, Casey, "Stimulating Intraplant Spatial Dynamics of Lepidoptera on Cabbage to Predict Feeding Damage," Ph.D. Department of Entomology, January, 1988. (Professor of Entomology, Ohio State University) [Prof. Shoemaker was co-Chair with Prof. Reissig in Entomology at Cornell-Geneva.]
• Johnson, Sharon A., "Spline Approximation in Discrete Dynamic Programming with Application to Stochastic Multi-Reservoir Systems," Ph.D., School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering, January 1989. (Associate Professor, School of Management, Worcester Polytechnic Int.)
• Liao, Li-Zhi, "Numerically Efficient Algorithms for Unconstrained and Constrained Differential Dynamic Programming in Discrete-Time, Nonlinear Systems" Ph.D., School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering, Cornell University, August, 1990. (Associate Professor of Mathematics, Baptist College in Hong Kong)
• Chang, Liang-Cheng, "The Application of Constrained Optimal Control Algorithms to Groundwater Remediation, Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, August 1990. ( Professor of Civil Engineering, Chao Tung University, Taiwan)
• Culver, Teresa B. "Dynamic Optimal Control of Groundwater Remediation with Management Periods: Linearized and Quasi-Newton Approaches," Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, August, 1991. (Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia. Winner of NSF Career award and of ASCE Huber Award for young researchers)
• Buydens, Walter J.R., "Irrigation Management Optimization Incorporating Equity and Crop Simulation," Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, May 1992. (Director French, Belgian, and Dutch offices of ERM, a large Environmental Consulting Company)
• Eschenbach, Elizabeth B., "Parallel Processing of Stochastic Dynamic Programming With Continuous State Variables with Application to Reservoir Operation," Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, January, 1994. (Associate Professor of Environmental Resource Engineering, Humboldt State University, California)
• Whiffen, Gregory, "Optimal Control for Deterministic and Uncertain Groundwater Remediation," Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1995. (Mission Analyst for Jet Propulsion Laboratory. At Cornell he won a DOE Computational Sciences Fellowship.)
• Minsker, Barbara, "Dynamic Optimal Control of In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater," Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1995. (Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois. She won a PECASE award from DOD and a career award from NSF. At Cornell she had an NSF fellowship She later won an ASCE Huber and a PCASE award..)
• Mansfield, Christopher, "Time-Varying Optimal Control of Groundwater Remediation in Unconfined Aquifers,", Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1997. (He later attended law school and is running a municipal water district.. He won a DOE Environmental Fellowship and a McMullen fellowship while at Cornell.)
• Yoon, Jae-Heung, "Optimal Design of Groundwater in situ Bioremediation Using Evolutionary Algorithms," Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell Univ. 1997. (He works for a government-funded research agency in Korea.)
• Willis, Matthew, "Modeling, Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Reductive Dechlorination with Competition in Groundwater", Ph.D., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 2000 (He is currently working on software for banking.)
• Fan, Daisy, "Application of Experimental Design to Improve Computational Efficiency of Stochastic Dynamic Programming with Applications to Water Resource Management", Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 2001. She is an Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department at Cornell University.
• Rohde, Raju, "Computationally Efficient Algorithms for Optimization of Remediation and Bioremediation of Groundwater," Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 2001. He is a German citizen working for Dorch Consult in Munich on groundwater analyses.
• Benaman, Jennifer "A Systematic Approach to Uncertainty Analysis for a Complex Distributed Watershed Model", Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, January 2003. She heads the Austin Branch Office of Quantitative Environmental Analysis (QEA), a consulting firm. She is a partner in QEA.
• Regis, Rommel, "Global Optimization of Computationally Expensive Functions Using Radial Basis Functions," Ph.D. School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering, Cornell University, August 2004. He is a Postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Shoemaker.
• Tolson, Bryon " Automatic Calibration, Management, and Uncertainty Analysis: Phosphorous Transport in the Cannonsville Watershed," Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. , May 2005. Tolson is Asst. Prof. at University of Waterloo in Canada)
• Mugunthan, Pradeep, "Optimal Calibration, Uncertainty Assessment, and Long-Term Monitoring Using Computationally Expensive Groundwater Models: Application to Enhanced Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethenes," August 2005. Mugunthan is a consultant with Quantitative Environmental Analysis (QEA).